Frequência da deficiência auditiva relacionada às infecções congênitas: estudo transversal retrospectivo / Frequency of hearing loss related to congenital infections: retrospective cross-sectional study / Frecuencia de hipoacusia relacionada con infecciones congénitas: un estúdio transversal retrospectivo

Introdução: As infecções congênitas durante a gravidez são indicadores de risco para a deficiência auditiva. Objetivo: Verificar a frequência da deficiência auditiva nas crianças atendidas num serviço público com indicadores de risco de infecções congênitas. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal retrospectivo. A população do estudo foi de crianças de 0 a 3 anos atendidas no período de 2011 a 2019. Foi realizada consulta e análise no banco de dados da Instituição extraindo informações das crianças quanto à presença de infecção congênita relatada (citomegalovírus, herpes, rubéola, sífilis, toxoplasmose, HIV e Zika vírus) e o diagnóstico audiológico completo. A amostra deste estudo foi constituída por 558 crianças e foram analisadas a presença de coocorrência entre as infecções ou de outros indicadores de risco para a deficiência auditiva. Realizou-se análise descritiva para estabelecer a frequência da deficiência auditiva em relação a cada infecção congênita isolada ou associada a outros indicadores de risco. Resultados: 14,40% das crianças apresentavam o relato de infecção congênita isolada ou em combinação com outro IRDA. A frequência da deficiência auditiva foi de 1,25%, com a presença da perda auditiva sensorioneural em seis crianças (85,71%) e uma perda auditiva do tipo condutiva (14,29%), das quais seis foram bilaterais (85,71%) e uma unilateral (14,29%). Esta frequência de deficiência auditiva foi relacionada ao histórico de citomegalovírus (57,14%), seguido de toxoplasmose (28,57%) e rubéola com Zika vírus (14,29%). Conclusão: A frequência do diagnóstico de deficiência auditiva foi de 1,25% nas crianças com relato de infecções congênitas. (AU)

Introduction: Congenital infections during pregnancy are risk indicators for hearing loss. Purpose: To verify the frequency of hearing loss in children attended at the public service with risk indicators for congenital infections. Methods: This is a retrospective cross-sectional study. The population consisted of children aged 0 to 3 years attended in the period from 2011 to 2019. Consultation and analysis were carried out in the Institution's database, extracting information from the children regarding the presence of reported congenital infection (cytomegalovirus, herpes, rubella, syphilis, toxoplasmosis, HIV and Zika virus) and the complete audiological diagnosis. The sample of this study consisted of 558 children and the presence of co-occurrence between infections or other risk indicators for hearing loss was analyzed. Descriptive analysis was performed to establish the frequency of hearing loss in relation to each congenital infection isolated or associated with other risk indicators. Results: 14.40% of the children had a report of isolated congenital infection or in combination with another risk indicator. The frequency of hearing loss was 1.25%, with sensorineural hearing loss in six children (85.71%) and a conductive hearing loss (14.29%), of which six were bilateral (85, 71%) and one unilateral (14.29%). This frequency of hearing loss was related to the history of cytomegalovirus (57.14%), followed by toxoplasmosis (28.57%) and rubella with zika virus (14.29%). Conclusion: The frequency of diagnosis of hearing loss was 1.25% in children with reports of congenital infections. (AU)

Introducción: Las infecciones congénitas durante el embarazo son indicadores de riesgo de hipoacusia. Propósito: Verificar la frecuencia de hipoacusia en niños atendidos en el servicio público con indicadores de riesgo de infecciones congénitas. Métodos: Se trata de un estudio transversal retrospectivo. La población de estudio estuvo constituida por los niños de 0 a 3 años atendidos en el periodo de 2011 a 2019. Se realizó consulta y análisis en la base de datos de la Institución, extrayéndose información de los niños en cuanto a la presencia de infección congénita reportada (citomegalovirus, herpes, rubéola, sífilis, toxoplasmosis, VIH y virus Zika) y el diagnóstico audiológico completo. La muestra de este estudio estuvo constituida por 558 niños y se analizó la presencia de coocurrencia entre infecciones u otros indicadores de riesgo de hipoacusia. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo para establecer la frecuencia de hipoacusia con relación a cada infección congénita aislada o asociada a otros indicadores de riesgo. Resultados: El 14,40% de los niños tenían reporte de infección congénita aislada o en combinación con otro indicador de riesgo. La frecuencia de hipoacusia fue del 1,25%, con hipoacusia neurosensorial en seis niños (85,71%) y hipoacusia conductiva (14,29%), de los cuales seis fueron bilaterales (85,71%) y uno unilateral (14,29%). Esta frecuencia de hipoacusia se relacionó con el antecedente de citomegalovirus (57,14%), seguido de toxoplasmosis (28,57%) y rubéola con virus zika (14,29%). Conclusión: La frecuencia de diagnóstico de hipoacusia fue de 1,25% en niños con reporte de infecciones congénitas. (AU)

Expectativa de vida com perda auditiva: estimativas para o Brasil / Life expectancy with hearing loss: estimates for Brazil

RESUMO Objetivo analisar a prevalência da perda auditiva autorreferida em relação à idade, sexo e regiões do Brasil e estimar a expectativa de vida com perda auditiva no Brasil, ao nascer e aos 60 anos, em ambos os sexos. Métodos foi utilizado o Método de Sullivan, combinando a tábua de vida e as prevalências de perdas auditivas no período, assim como a adoção de dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde de 2013 e Tábuas de Vida Completas, por sexo, publicadas pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Resultados no Brasil, em 2013, a prevalência da perda auditiva aumentou gradativamente a partir dos 60 anos de idade, em ambos os sexos, sendo o masculino o mais afetado pela deficiência auditiva. A expectativa de vida ao nascer era de 71 anos e 2 meses para os homens e de 78 anos e 6 meses para as mulheres. Destes anos de vida, 3,4% (para homens) e 2,8% (para mulheres) eram com perda auditiva. Já aos 60 anos, essa diferença permanece, com expectativa de mais 19,9 anos para os homens e 21,7 anos para as mulheres. Nessa faixa etária, os homens apresentavam taxa de 2,2 anos (11,3%) com perdas auditivas, enquanto, para as mulheres, a taxa era 2,1 anos (9,7%). Conclusão no Brasil, com base nos dados de 2013, observou-se um aumento gradativo da prevalência de perda auditiva a partir dos 60 anos de idade para ambos os sexos. As mulheres apresentam maior expectativa de vida, maior expectativa de vida livre de perdas auditivas e vivem menor parcela de suas vidas com perdas auditivas, quando comparadas aos homens, independentemente da idade. A avaliação da expectativa de vida com perdas auditivas ao nascer e aos 60 anos pode auxiliar na compreensão das necessidades da população, o que permite o melhor planejamento de políticas públicas relacionadas à saúde auditiva dos indivíduos.

ABSTRACT Purpose to analyze the prevalence of self-reported hearing loss in relation to age, gender and regions of Brazil and to estimate life expectancy with hearing loss in Brazil, at birth and at age 60, for both sexes. Methods the Sullivan method was used, combining the life table and the prevalence of hearing loss in the period, as well as the adoption of data from the 2013 National Health Survey and Complete Life Tables, by sex, published by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. Results in Brazil, in 2013, the prevalence of hearing loss gradually increased from the age of 60, in both genders, with males being more affected by hearing loss. Life expectancy at birth was 71.2 years for men and 78.5 years for women. Of these years of life, 3.4% (for men) and 2.8% (for women) were with hearing loss. At age 60, this difference remains, with an expectation of another 19.9 years for men and 21.7 years for women. In this age group, men had a rate of 2.2 years (11.3%) with hearing loss, while for women the rate was 2.1 years (9.7%). Conclusion in Brazil, based on data from 2013, there was a gradual increase in the prevalence of hearing loss from the age of 60 for both genders. Women had higher life expectancy, greater life expectancy free of hearing loss and live a smaller portion of their lives with hearing loss than men, regardless of age. The assessment of life expectancy with hearing loss at birth and at age 60 can help to understand the needs of the population, which allows for better planning of public policies related to the hearing health of individuals.

ELSA-Brasil: a 4-year incidence of hearing loss in adults with and without hypertension

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To compare the incidence of hearing loss among adults stratified by the occurrence of hypertension, and to investigate the association between hypertension and hearing loss. METHODS Longitudinal observational study, part of the Estudo Longitudinal da Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil, Longitudinal Study on Adult's Health). Data from the first and second waves were analyzed, including information from audiological assessment and general health of the subjects. As outcome, we considered the presence of hearing loss (hearing thresholds above 25 dBHL at frequencies from 500 Hz to 8 kHz) and, as exposure variable, hypertension (report of medical diagnosis of hypertension; and/or use of drugs to treat hypertension; and/or pressure systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg; or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg). As covariables for adjustment were considered: sex, age, education, race / ethnicity, income, smoking, diabetes, and occupational exposure to noise. Poisson regression analysis was conducted, estimating the crude and adjusted relative risks, with 95% confidence intervals, in order to assess the factors associated with hearing loss. RESULTS In crude analyses, the incidence of hearing loss was higher for subjects with hypertension (9.7% versus 5.4%). The crude relative risks for hearing loss was almost double (1.93; 95%CI: 1.10-3.39) for subjects with hypertension in the right ear. In the adjusted analyses, the relative risks was not significant for the hypertension variable (1.42; 95%CI: 0.75-2.67). Being 60 years or older (RR: 5.41; 95%CI: 2.79-10.50) showed a statistically significant association with hearing loss, indicating that older adults have higher relative risks for hearing loss. CONCLUSION In the adjusted analyses controlled for multiple risk factors there was no association between hypertension and hearing loss. The dichotomous variable age (being 60 years or older), on the other hand, has shown a significant association with hearing loss.

Hearing of neonates without risk indicators for hearing loss and use of antimalarial drugs during pregnancy: a historical cohort study in the Northern Region of Brazil / Audição de neonatos sem indicadores de risco para perda auditiva e utilização de antimaláricos na gestação: um estudo de coorte histórica na Região Norte

Abstract Introduction: Studies have demonstrated the ototoxic effects of antimalarial drugs in individuals who receive these drugs, but little is known regarding the toxicity of these drugs in the newborn auditory system when administered to the mother receive the drug during pregnancy. Objective: To verify the incidence of hearing loss in neonates who have no other associated risk indicators, born to mothers treated for malaria during pregnancy. Methods: A retrospective, quantitative cohort study was developed at Hospital de Base Dr. Ary Pinheiro and Clínica Limiar, both located in the municipality of Porto Velho (Rondônia). The sample consisted of 527 newborns divided into two groups: exposed to antimalarials drugs during pregnancy group (n = 32) and non-exposed group (n = 495). Data collection took place from September 2014 to December 2015, through an interview with the mothers and/or guardians of the newborn, through the newborns' and the mothers' records, and the neonatal hearing screening database of the above-mentioned institutions. Results: All the neonates in the exposed group, assessed through the recording of transient otoacoustic emissions associated with the automated brainstem auditory evoked potential test, underwent neonatal hearing screening in the first examination. Among the newborns in the non-exposed group, 30 showed failure and were retested. Of these, one continued to fail and was referred for diagnosis, in whom the results showed to be within the normal range. Among the neonates of the exposed group, infection with Plasmodium vivax was the most frequent, and was similarly distributed among the gestational trimesters, and chloroquine was the most commonly used antimalarial drug treatment more often given during the third trimester; these findings did not show any influence on the audiological findings of the studied neonates. Conclusion: The present study did not identify any cases of hearing loss in neonates born to mothers who used antimalarial drugs during gestation.

Resumo Introdução: Estudos comprovam os efeitos ototóxicos dos antimaláricos em pessoas que fazem uso destes medicamentos, porém pouco se sabe sobre a toxicidade destes fármacos no sistema auditivo de neonatos quando ingeridos pelas mães no período gestacional. Objetivo: Verificar a incidência de perda auditiva em neonatos de mães tratadas para malária durante a gestação sem outros indicadores de risco associados. Método: Estudo quantitativo, de coorte retrospectivo, desenvolvido no Hospital de Base Dr. Ary Pinheiro e na Clínica Limiar, ambos em Porto Velho (Rondônia). Compuseram a amostra 527 recém-nascidos divididos em dois grupos: grupo exposto (n = 32) e grupo não exposto (n = 495). A coleta de dados ocorreu de setembro de 2014 a dezembro de 2015, através de entrevista com as genitoras e/ou responsáveis pelo recém-nascido, investigação nos prontuários dos neonatos e das genitoras e no banco de dados da triagem auditiva neonatal das instituições supracitadas. Resultados: Todos os neonatos do grupo exposto, avaliados através do registro das emissões otoacústicas transientes associado a realização do potencial evocado auditivo de tronco encefálico automático passaram na triagem auditiva neonatal no primeiro exame. Já, entre os recém-nascidos do grupo não exposto, 30 apresentaram falha e foram retestados. Destes, um continuou falhando e foi encaminhado para diagnóstico, no qual foram evidenciados resultados dentro da normalidade. Nos neonatos do grupo exposto, a infecção pelo Plasmodium vivax foi a mais frequente, mostrando distribuição semelhante entre os trimestres gestacionais, sendo a cloroquina o antimalárico mais utilizado e o tratamento medicamentoso realizado mais frequentemente no terceiro trimestre, porém tais achados não mostraram influência sobre os achados audiológicos dos neonatos estudados. Conclusão: O presente estudo não identificou casos de perda auditiva nos neonatos de mães que utilizaram antimaláricos na gestação.

Dificuldade auditiva autorreferida e exposição ocupacional a agentes otoagressores: um estudo de base populacional / Self-reported hearing impairment and occupational exposure to hazardous noise and ototoxic agents: a population-based study / Dificultad auditiva autoinformada y exposición ocupacional a agentes otoagresores: un estudio de base poblacional

O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar a associação entre dificuldade auditiva autorreferida e exposição ocupacional a agentes otoagressores em trabalhadores brasileiros. Trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado com dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS-2013). A variável dependente foi a dificuldade auditiva autorreferida, e foram analisadas três exposições principais: ruído, poeira industrial e substâncias químicas. Realizou-se análise de regressão logística, estimando-se as odds ratio (OR) brutas e ajustadas, com intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC95%). As variáveis principais de exposição foram ajustadas entre si e pelas covariáveis sexo, idade, ambiente de trabalho, tempo de trabalho e hipertensão arterial. Participaram deste estudo 36.442 trabalhadores. Maior prevalência de dificuldade auditiva foi observada em indivíduos expostos à poeira industrial (9,9%) (p < 0,001). Além disso, quanto maior a idade do trabalhador e tempo de trabalho, maior foi a prevalência do desfecho (p < 0,001). Na análise ajustada, trabalhadores expostos a ruído apresentaram 1,65 vez mais chance de referir dificuldade auditiva, quando comparados aos indivíduos não expostos (p < 0,001). O mesmo ocorreu com trabalhadores expostos à poeira industrial (OR = 1,36) (p = 0,012). Não foi observada associação entre o desfecho e a variável exposição a substâncias químicas (p = 0,120). Observou-se associação entre dificuldade auditiva e exposição ocupacional a ruído e à poeira industrial em trabalhadores brasileiros. Reforçam-se a importância do aprimoramento de políticas públicas em saúde auditiva e o desenvolvimento de ações voltadas à prevenção e ao monitoramento auditivo em ambiente ocupacional.

This study's objective was to estimate the association between self-reported hearing impairment and occupational exposure to hazardous noise and ototoxic agents in Brazilian workers. This was a cross-sectional study with data from the Brazilian National Health Survey (PNS-2013). The dependent variable was self-reported hearing impairment, and three principal exposures were analyzed: noise, industrial dust, and chemical substances. Logistic regression was performed, estimating crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). The principal exposure variables were adjusted for each other and by covariables sex, age, workplace, time on the job, and hypertension. 36,442 workers participated in the study. Higher prevalence of hearing impairment was seen in workers exposed to industrial dust (9.9%) (p < 0.001). The older the worker and the longer the time on the job, the higher the prevalence of hearing impairment (p < 0.001). In the adjusted analysis, workers exposed to noise showed 1.65 higher odds of reporting difficulty hearing, when compared to unexposed individuals (p < 0.001). The same was true for workers exposed to industrial dust (OR = 1.36) (p = 0.012). No association was observed between the outcome and exposure to chemical substances (p = 0.120). There was an association between hearing impairment and occupational exposure to noise and industrial dust in Brazilian workers. This emphasizes the importance of strengthening public policies for hearing health and the development of measures for prevention and auditory monitoring in the workplace.

El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar la asociación entre dificultad auditiva autoinformada y la exposición ocupacional a agentes otoagresores en trabajadores brasileños. Se trata de un estudio transversal, realizado con datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud (PNS-2013). La variable dependiente fue la dificultad auditiva autoinformada y se analizaron tres exposiciones principales: ruido, polvo industrial y substancias químicas. Se realizó un análisis de regresión logística, estimándose las odds ratio (OR) brutas y ajustadas, con intervalos de un 95% de confianza (IC95%). Las variables principales de exposición fueron ajustadas entre sí y por las covariables: sexo, edad, ambiente de trabajo, tiempo de trabajo e hipertensión arterial. Participaron en este estudio 36.442 trabajadores. La mayor prevalencia de dificultad auditiva se observó en individuos expuestos al polvo industrial (9,9%) (p < 0,001). Asimismo, cuanto mayor era la edad del trabajador y tiempo de trabajo, mayor fue la prevalencia del desenlace (p < 0,001). En el análisis ajustado, los trabajadores expuestos a ruido presentaron 1,65 veces más oportunidad de informar de dificultad auditiva, cuando se comparan con los individuos no expuestos (p < 0,001). Lo mismo sucedió con trabajadores expuestos a polvo industrial (OR = 1,36) (p = 0,012). No se observó una asociación entre el desenlace y la variable exposición a sustancias químicas (p = 0,120). Se observó una asociación entre dificultad auditiva y exposición ocupacional a ruido y polvo industrial en trabajadores brasileños. Se refuerza la importancia del perfeccionamiento de políticas públicas en salud auditiva y desarrollo de acciones dirigidas a la prevención y monitoreo auditivo en el entorno laboral.

Hearing loss, tinnitus, and hypertension: analysis of the baseline data from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil)

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association among hypertension, tinnitus, and sensorineural hearing loss and evaluate the influence of other covariates on this association. METHODS: Baseline data (2008-2010) from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) were analyzed. Altogether, 900 participants were evaluated. The baseline assessment consisted of a 7-hour examination to obtain clinical and laboratory variables. Hearing was measured using pure-tone audiometry. RESULTS: Overall, 33.3% of the participants had hypertension. Participants with hypertension were more likely to be older, male, and diabetic compared to those without hypertension. The prevalence of tinnitus was higher among hypertensive participants and the odds ratio for tinnitus was higher in participants with hypertension than in those without hypertension. However, the difference was not significant after adjusting for age. Audiometric results at 250-8,000 Hz were worse in participants with hypertension than in those without hypertension in the crude analysis; however, the differences were not significant after adjustment for age, sex, diagnosis of diabetes, and exposure to noise. No significant difference was observed in hearing thresholds among participants having hypertension for <6 years, those having hypertension for ≥6 years, and individuals without hypertension. CONCLUSION: Hearing thresholds were worse in participants with hypertension. However, after adjusting for age, sex, diagnosis of diabetes, and exposure to noise, no significant differences were observed between participants with and without hypertension. A higher prevalence of tinnitus was observed in participants with hypertension compared to those without hypertension, but without significance after adjusting for age.

Audiological assessment of children with HIV/AIDS: a meta-analysis / Avaliação audiológica de crianças com HIV/AIDS: uma metanálise

Abstract Objective: To analyze the results of the audiological evaluation of children with HIV and AIDS. Data collection: Systematic review carried out in May 2019 in the Web of Science, PubMed, SciELO, and Scopus databases. Case reports and original articles were included, with no limitationsregarding country or year of publication. Data synthesis: 278 articles were identified; 26 were included, in which HIV/AIDS was shown to be a risk factor for hearing loss (OR = 5.364; p = 0.00). The studies used different audiological exams, with varying methodologies. There was no difference regarding the type of hearing loss (p = 0.119). Conclusion: Longitudinal studies using the same type of examination at all stages are suggested, to allow better monitoring of the effects of HIV on the child's hearing,and studies that provide more methodological details. The knowledge of the influence of HIV on the child's auditory system may lead to the promotion of measures that minimize the prevalence of hearing loss, allow an early diagnosis and timely rehabilitation, so as not to compromise child development.

Resumo Objetivo: Analisar os resultados da avaliação audiológica de crianças com HIV e AIDS. Coleta dos dados: Revisão sistemática realizada em maio de 2019 nas bases Web of Science, Pubmed, SciELO e Scopus. Relatos de caso e artigos originais foram incluídos, sem limitação quanto ao país ou ano de publicação. Síntese dos dados: Foram identificados 278 artigos, sendo que 26 foram incluídos, nos quais o HIV/AIDS foi mostrado como fator de risco para perda auditiva (OR = 5.364; p = 0.00). Os estudos utilizaram diferentes exames audiológicos, com diferentes metodologias. Não houve diferença com relação ao tipo de perda auditiva (p = 0.119). Conclusão: Sugere-se estudos longitudinais usando o mesmo tipo de exame em todas as fases para possibilitar melhor acompanhamento dos efeitos do HIV na audição da criança e estudos que tragam mais detalhes metodológicos. O conhecimento da influência do HIV no sistema auditivo infantil pode levar à promoção de medidas que minimizem a prevalência da perda auditiva, possibilitem diagnóstico precoce e permita reabilitação em tempo hábil para não comprometer o desenvolvimento infantil.

Observed Frequency and Characteristics of Hearing Loss in Osteogenesis Imperfecta

ABSTRACT Background: Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a rare group of genetic disorders affecting connective tissue, with consequent bone fragility, frequent fractures and skeletal deformity. Depending on the type, patients can have blue sclera, dentinogenesis imperfecta, and hearing loss. Aim: To determine the frequency, type and audiometric characteristics of hearing loss in a group of patients with OI. Material and Methods: A prospective cohort study was completed. A clinical and diagnostic hearing evaluation with tympanometry, acoustic stapedial reflex, pure-tone and speech audiometry were performed. Results: Thirty patients completed the study; mean age of 22 years (range 6-63 years). Sixty seven percent had a type I OI. Overall, nine (30%) patients had hearing loss (15/60 ears). Of these, six had bilateral hearing loss. Of the 15 affected ears, six showed conductive hearing loss, five sensorineural hearing loss, and four mixed hearing loss. Patients with hearing loss were older than patients with normal hearing. Only one pediatric patient developed hearing loss. Of the ears without hearing loss, 13% did not have an acoustic stapedial reflex. Conclusions: In this group of patients with OI, 30% had hearing loss and among those ears with normal hearing, 13% did not have an acoustic stapedial reflex. Patients with OI should be monitored for hearing loss.

Antecedentes: La osteogénesis imperfecta (OI) es un grupo raro de trastornos genéticos que afectan al tejido conectivo, con la consiguiente fragilidad ósea, fracturas frecuentes y deformidad esquelética. Según el tipo, los pacientes pueden presentar escleras azules, dentinogénesis imperfecta e hipoacusia. Objetivos: Determinar la frecuencia, tipo y características audiométricas de la hipoacusia en un grupo de pacientes con OI. Material y Métodos: Se completó un estudio de cohorte prospectivo. Se realizó una evaluación clínica, y de la audición con timpanometría, reflejo estapedial, audiometría tonal y logoaudiometría. Resultados: Treinta pacientes completaron el estudio; edad media de 22 años (rango 6-63 años). El 67% tenía una OI tipo I. Nueve pacientes (30%) tuvieron hipoacusia (15/60 oídos). De estos, seis tenían hipoacusia bilateral. De los 15 oídos afectados, seis tenían hipoacusia de conducción, cinco hipoacusia neurosensorial y cuatro hipoacusia mixta. Los pacientes con hipoacusia eran mayores que los pacientes con audición conservada. Sólo un paciente pediátrico desarrolló hipoacusia. De los oídos sin hipoacusia, el 13% tenía un reflejo estapedial ausente. Conclusiones: En este grupo de pacientes con OI, el 30% tenía hipoacusia. Además, el 13% de los oídos con audición normal no tenía reflejo acústico estapedial. Los pacientes con OI deben ser monitoreados para detectar hipoacusia.

Registro de emisiones otoacústicas transientes basado en microcontroladores de alto rendimiento / Transient Otoacoustic Emissions Register based on High Performance Microcontrollers

La hipoacusia tiene una incidencia notable entre los recién nacidos. Una intervención temprana durante el período de maduración auditiva permite minimizar los efectos en el desarrollo intelectual del infante. Se propone el desarrollo de un Registrador de Emisiones Otoacústicas Transientes como parte de un sistema de cribado neonatal basado en microcontroladores de alto rendimiento. La prueba consiste en aplicar periódicamente un estímulo tipo chasquido para obtener la respuesta coclear. Se promedian las señales adquiridas y se aplica la Transformada Rápida de Fourier. El espectro obtenido es dividido en bandas de media octava para analizar la correlación y la relación señal-ruido. Si estos parámetros son mayores que los umbrales de referencia en la mayoría de las bandas, se considera al paciente apto para el desarrollo normal. El firmware fue implementado sobre el procesador STM32F405 y evaluado con el simulador Baby Isao; obteniéndose una sensibilidad del 87.5 por ciento y una especificidad del 93.75 por ciento(AU)

Hearing loss is highly incident among newborns. Early intervention during the period of auditory maturation allows adequate levels of intellectual development to be achieved. The development of a Transient Otoacoustic Emissions Recorder is proposed as part of a neonatal screening system based on high-performance microcontrollers. The test consists of periodically applying a click stimulus to obtain the cochlear response. The acquired signals are averaged and the Fast Fourier Transform is applied. The spectrum obtained is divided into half-octave bands to assess the correlation as well as the signal-noise ratio. If these parameters are greater than the reference thresholds in most of the bands, the patient is considered suitable for normal cognitive development. The firmware was implemented on the STM32F405 processor and evaluated with the Baby Isao simulator; obtaining a sensitivity of 87.5 percent and a specificity of 93.75 percent(AU)

Hipoacusia como factor de riesgo para demencia

In the last decades, there has been an increase in life expectancy in the world, with the consequent modification in the proportion of adults over 60 years. This is accompanied by an increase in pathologies for which aging is the main risk factor, such as dementia and hearing loss, which profoundly affect the quality of life of individuals and their family and impact health system costs. Given the lack of disease-modifying treatments for dementia, the study of mechanisms to prevent its occurrence has become a world priority. In the year 2017, the Lancet "Commission for dementia prevention, intervention, and care" proposed a model, in which hearing loss emerged as a new modifiable risk factor for the development of dementia. This result undoubtedly has important consequences for the understanding the multifactorial nature of dementia, our daily clinical practice and public policies aimed at its prevention and treatment. In this article, we review the current evidence supporting the association between dementia and hearing loss, discussing the available strategies for prevention, detection and treatment of hearing loss and its possible impact on the natural course of dementia. A flow chart for the clinical management of different subgroups of patients is proposed.

Hallazgos neurofisiológicos de potenciales evocados auditivos en lactantes con antecedente de prematuridad / Neurophysiological findings of auditory evoked potentials in infants with a history of prematurity

Resumen Introducción: Los potenciales evocados auditivos (PEA) son la prueba neurofisiológica más utilizada para evaluar el desarrollo funcional del tronco encefálico auditivo en lactantes; además, permiten evaluar la audición para las frecuencias altas. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal y retrospectivo. Se evaluaron los resultados de PEA de 186 lactantes (372 oídos) con antecedente de prematuridad. Se compararon la respuesta bioeléctrica, la morfología, la amplitud, las latencias I, III y V, los intervalos I-III, III-V y I-V y los umbrales auditivos en dos grupos de prematuros < 32 y ≥ 32 semanas de edad gestacional (SEG). Resultados: La respuesta bioeléctrica, las latencias I, III y V y los intervalos I-III y III-V fueron similares en los dos grupos de prematuros de acuerdo con su edad corregida; al compararse, no se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p > 0.05) para estas variables. La amplitud, la morfología y el intervalo I-V estuvieron más afectados en el grupo de prematuros < 32 SEG (p < 0.05). De los 372 oídos evaluados, se encontraron 275 con audición normal y 97 con algún grado de hipoacusia para las frecuencias altas, más frecuente en los pacientes < 32 SEG (p < 0.05). Conclusiones: El desarrollo funcional del tronco cerebral auditivo fue similar entre los grupos de prematuros y dentro del rango normal para la edad corregida respectiva. La prematuridad produjo un incremento directamente proporcional y estadísticamente significativo en la frecuencia de hipoacusia para las frecuencias altas.

Abstract Background: Auditory evoked potentials (AEPS) constitutes the most commonly used neurophysiological test to assess the functional development of the auditory brainstem in infants and allows the evaluation of hearing for high frequencies. Methods: An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional and retrospective study was conducted. The AEPS results for 186 infants (372 ears) with a history of prematurity were examined. The bioelectrical response, morphology, amplitude, latencies I, III and V, and intervals I-III, III-V and I-V were compared, as well as auditory thresholds between two groups of premature infants < 32 and ≥ 32 weeks of gestational age (WGA). Results: The bioelectrical response, latencies I, III and V, and intervals I-III and III-V were similar between the two groups of premature infants according to their corrected age; no statistically significant differences were found (p > 0.05) for these variables. The amplitude, morphology, and the I-V interval were more affected in the group of premature infants < 32 WGA (p < 0.05). Of the 372 ears evaluated, 275 showed normal hearing and 97 showed some degree of hearing loss for high frequencies, which was more frequent in patients < 32 WGA (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The functional development of the auditory brainstem was similar between the groups of premature infants and within the normal range for the respective corrected age. Prematurity produced a directly proportional and statistically significant increase in the frequency of hearing loss for high frequencies.

Desenvolvimento auditivo de lactentes com indicadores de risco para perda auditiva / Auditory development of infants with risk indicators for hearing loss / Desarrollo auditivo de lactantes con indicadores de riesgo de pérdida auditiva

Introdução: O monitoramento audiológico busca acompanhar o processo de maturação da audição e de aquisição da linguagem. Como a audição exerce um papel fundamental para o desenvolvimento da linguagem oral, o diagnóstico precoce é essencial para o início da intervenção. Objetivo: Analisar o desenvolvimento auditivo de lactentes que passaram na triagem auditiva neonatal, mas que possuíam em seu histórico neonatal indicadores de riscos para perda auditiva. Método: Foi realizada análise transversal e longitudinal. Na análise transversal os lactentes foram divididos em três grupos considerando a idade corrigida: G1 com 6-9 meses, G2 com 9-13 meses e G3 com 13-18 meses. Na análise longitudinal foram avaliados os lactentes que compareceram mais de uma vez para avaliação. Estes lactentes formam o grupo G4. Resultados: Para sons não verbais, em G3 encontrou-se 18,6% (n=11) de respostas indiretas para localização para baixo e 40,7% (n=24) de respostas indiretas para localização para cima. Quanto ao reconhecimento de comandos verbais, no grupo G3, 30,5% (n=18) responderam para até dois comandos. Quanto à análise longitudinal, dentre os lactentes que foram avaliados em duas fases, observou-se a ocorrência de 25% (n=5) com desenvolvimento alterado das habilidades auditivas. Conclusão: A partir da análise dos resultados identificaram-se respostas sugestivas de alteração nas habilidades auditivas dos lactentes.

Introduction: Audiological monitoring seeks to follow the process of hearing development and language acquisition. Hearing plays a fundamental role in the development of oral language, so early diagnosis is essential for the beginning of the intervention. Objective: To analyze the auditory development of infants who passed the neonatal hearing screening, but who had risk indicators for hearing loss in their neonatal history. Methods: A cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis was performed. In the cross-sectional analysis, infants were divided into three groups considering the corrected age: G1 at 6-9 months, G2 at 9-13 months and G3 at 13-18 months. In the longitudinal analysis, infants who attended more than once for evaluation were evaluated. These infants form the G4 group. Results: For assessment with non-verbal sounds, in G3 were found 18.6% (n=11) of indirect responses to lower location and 40.7% (n=24) of indirect responses to upper location. Regarding the recognition of verbal commands, in group G3, 30.5% (n= 8) answered to two commands. As for the longitudinal analysis, among the infants who were evaluated in two phases, the occurrence of 25% (n=5) with altered development of hearing skills was observed. Conclusion: From the analysis of the results, responses suggestive of changes in the hearing skills of infants were identified.

Introducción: El monitoreo audiológico busca seguir el proceso de maduración auditiva y adquisición del lenguaje. Dado que la audición juega un papel clave en el desarrollo del lenguaje oral, el diagnóstico temprano es esencial para el inicio de la intervención. Objetivo: Analice el desarrollo auditivo de los bebés que pasaron el examen de audición neonatal, pero que tenían indicadores de riesgo de pérdida auditiva en su historia neonatal. Métodos: Se realizó un análisis transversal y longitudinal. En el análisis transversal, los lactantes se dividieron en tres grupos considerando la edad corregida: G1 a los 6-9 meses, G2 a los 9-13 meses y G3 a los 13-18 meses. En el análisis longitudinal, se evaluó a los lactantes que asistieron más de una vez para evaluación. Estos bebés forman el grupo G4. Resultados: Para los sonidos no verbales en G3, encontramos un 18,6% (n=11) de respuestas indirectas a la ubicación descendente y un 40,7% (n=24) de respuestas indirectas a la ubicación ascendente. Con respecto al reconocimiento de comandos verbales, en el grupo G3, el 30.5% (n=18) respondió por hasta dos comandos. En cuanto al análisis longitudinal, entre los lactantes que fueron evaluados en dos fases, se observó la aparición del 25% (n=5) con desarrollo alterado de las habilidades auditivas. Conclusión: A partir del análisis de los resultados, se identificaron respuestas que sugieren cambios en las habilidades auditivas de los bebés.

Prevalence of Mild Hearing Loss in Schoolchildren and its Association with their School Performance

Abstract Introduction Hearing is important for the proper development of every child, especially for those younger than 5 years of age, because it helps in the development of language and speech. Emotional and social problems, as well as issues with academic performance, can result from hearing loss even of mild degree. Early diagnosis and management can overcome those negative impacts. Objective To determine the prevalence of mild hearing loss in primary-school children and its association with their school performance. Methods A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted at a regular school. The study included the random selection of 120 apparently normal students (aged 6-9 years) who were considered as having normal hearing by their parents. A total of 20 students were excluded from the study due to the presence of wax in their ears. Finally, the study was conducted with 100 students. All participants were subjected to a basic audiological evaluation, and the Screening Instrument for Targeting Educational Risk (SIFTER) question- naire was given to their teachers to evaluate their school performance. Results From a total of 100 students, we confirmed that 23 (23%) had mild hearing loss, 17 (17%) had bilateral conductive hearing loss, and 6 (6%) had bilateral sensorineural hearing loss. The students who had low attention and communication performance were significantly associated with mild hearing loss. Conclusion The prevalence of mild hearing loss was of 23% (23 cases). This problem had an effect on the communication and attention in school; and it might affect academic performance later in life. A hearing assessment is highly recommended for every child, especially those who have a low rate of academic performance.

Evaluation of newborn hearing screening program / Avaliação de um programa de triagem auditiva neonatal

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To evaluate Newborn Hearing Screening Program of Hospital Regional de Sobradinho, from January 2016 to December 2017, according to Multiprofessional Committee on Auditory Health parameters and Joint Committee on Infant Hearing (JCIH) recommendations, as well as to describe the prevalence of risk factors for hearing loss within the study population and their impact on the respective program. METHOD This is a quantitative, cross-sectional and retrospective study that carefully analyzed registration books of screened newborns. It was established the prevalence of "pass" and "fail" in test and retest, retest percentage of attendance and referral for audiological diagnosis. Risk factors for hearing loss were described, as well as their influence on "pass" and "fail" rates. Inferential statistical analysis was performed using chi-square test and Anderson-Darling test, with 5% reliability index. RESULTS A total of 3,981 newborns were screened; 2,963 (74.4%) presented no risk factors whereas 1,018 (25.6%) did, prematurity being the most frequent (51.6%). In the test, 166 (4.2%) failed and 118 (71.1%) attended the retest. The referral rate for diagnosis was 0.3%. CONCLUSION Regarding the percentage of referral for diagnosis, the program reached indexes recommended by the Joint Committee on Infant Hearing and Multiprofessional Committee on Auditory Health. The most prevalent risk factor within the population was prematurity.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Avaliar o Programa de Triagem Auditiva Neonatal do Hospital Regional de Sobradinho, no período de janeiro de 2016 a dezembro de 2017, segundo os parâmetros do Comitê Multiprofissional em Saúde Auditiva e as recomendações do Joint Committee on Infant Hearing (JCIH), bem como descrever a prevalência dos indicadores de risco para deficiência auditiva na população estudada e seu impacto no respectivo programa. MÉTODO Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo, transversal e retrospectivo no qual foram analisados criteriosamente livros de registros dos neonatos triados. Foi estabelecida a prevalência de "passa" e "falha" no teste e reteste, o percentual de comparecimento para reteste e de encaminhamento para diagnóstico audiológico. Foram descritos os indicadores de risco para deficiência auditiva, bem como sua influência nos índices de "passa" e "falha". Foi realizada análise estatística inferencial utilizando o teste do qui-quadrado e o teste de Anderson-Darling, com índice de confiabilidade de 5%. RESULTADOS Foram triados 3.981 neonatos, 2.963 (74,4%) dos quais sem indicadores de risco e 1.018 (25,6%) com, sendo a prematuridade o mais frequente (51,6%). No teste, 166 (4,2%) falharam e 118 (71,1%) compareceram para o reteste. O índice de encaminhamento para diagnóstico foi de 0,3%. CONCLUSÃO O programa atingiu os índices recomendados pelo Joint Committee on Infant Hearing e pelo Comitê Multiprofissional em Saúde Auditiva quanto à porcentagem de encaminhamento para diagnóstico. O indicador de risco mais prevalente na população foi a prematuridade.

Audição em altas frequências em trabalhadores rurais expostos a agrotóxicos / High frequency hearing among rural workers exposed to pesticides

Resumo Os agrotóxicos podem causar inúmeros problemas de saúde e são considerados agentes otoagressores. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as características auditivas nas altas frequências em trabalhadores com e sem exposição aos agrotóxicos, que apresentaram resultados normais na audiometria convencional. Estudo transversal com 87 trabalhadores, de ambos os gêneros, entre 19 e 59 anos, com vínculo de trabalho formal, informal e/ou que atuavam na agricultura familiar e realizaram Audiometria de Altas Frequências. O uso de glifosato foi relatado por 73% dos trabalhadores e as misturas de agrotóxicos diversos ocorreram em 78% deles. Não foi identificado uso adequado dos equipamentos de proteção individual recomendados para a atividade agrícola. Os trabalhadores expostos a agrotóxicos apresentaram piores resultados na Audiometria de Altas Frequências quando comparados aos que não tiveram contato com agrotóxicos (p < 0,0001). A Audiometria de Altas Frequências pode ser considerada um instrumento sensível para detectar, precocemente, alterações auditivas em trabalhadores expostos a agrotóxicos, e, seu uso em serviços de saúde poderá contribuir para as ações de vigilância em saúde do trabalhador.

Abstract Pesticides may cause a number of health problems and are considered oto-agressive agents. The objective of this study was to investigate the high frequency hearing characteristics of workers both with and without exposure to pesticides, that presented normal conventional audiometry. It involved a cross-sectional study with 87 workers, of both genders, between 19 and 59 years, with formal or informal jobs and some of whom worked with family agriculture, either using pesticides or not, who had taken High-Frequency Audiometry tests. The use of glyphosate was reported by 73% of workers and several pesticide mixtures occurred in 78% of them. There were no cases of proper use of personal protective equipment recommended for the activity. The workers exposed to pesticides had worse results in High-Frequency Audiometry tests in comparison with those who had no contact with pesticides (p < 0.0001). High-Frequency Audiometry has proved to be a useful and effective tool in the early detection of hearing loss caused by pesticides.

Auditory findings associated with Zika virus infection: an integrative review / Achados auditivos associados à infecção pelo Zika vírus: uma revisão integrativa

Abstract Introduction: Possible associations between Zika virus infection and hearing loss were observed during the epidemic in the Americas. Objective: To describe the auditory alterations, pathogenesis and recommendations for follow-up in individuals with prenatal or acquired Zika virus infection. Methods: Bibliographic research conducted in March/2018-April/2019 at the main available databases. Article selection, data extraction and quality evaluation were carried out by two independent reviewers. Studies containing auditory evaluation of patients with congenital or acquired Zika virus infection; and/or hypotheses or evidences on the pathophysiology of auditory impairment associated with Zika virus; and/or recommendations on screening and follow-up of patients with auditory impairment by Zika virus were included. Results: A total of 27 articles were selected. Sensorineural and transient hearing loss were reported in six adults with acquired Zika virus infection. Of the 962 studied children, 482 had microcephaly and 145 had diagnostic confirmation of Zika virus; 515 of the 624 children with auditory evaluation performed only screening tests with otoacoustic emissions testing and/or automated click-stimuli auditory brainstem response testing. Studies in prenatally exposed children were very heterogeneous and great variations in the frequency of altered otoacoustic emissions and automated click-stimuli auditory brainstem response occurred across the studies. Altered otoacoustic emissions varied from 0% to 75%, while altered automated click-stimuli auditory brainstem response varied from 0% to 29.2%. Sensorineural, retrocochlear or central origin impairment could not be ruled out. One study with infected mice found no microscopic damage to cochlear hair cells. Studies on the pathogenesis of auditory changes in humans are limited to hypotheses and recommendations still include points of controversy. Conclusion: The available data are still insufficient to understand the full spectrum of the involvement of the auditory organs by Zika virus, the pathogenesis of this involvement or even to confirm the causal association between auditory involvement and virus infection. The screening and follow-up recommendations still present points of controversy.

Resumo Introdução: Possíveis associações entre a infecção pelo Zika vírus e perda auditiva foram observadas durante a epidemia nas Américas. Objetivo: Descrever as alterações auditivas, a patogênese e as recomendações de seguimento em indivíduos com infecção por Zika vírus pré-natal ou adquirida. Método: Uma pesquisa bibliográfica foi realizada em março/2018 a abril/2019 nas principais bases de dados disponíveis. A seleção dos artigos, extração de dados e avaliação de qualidade foram realizadas por dois revisores independentes. Estudos com avaliação auditiva de pacientes com infecção por Zika vírus congênita ou adquirida; e/ou hipóteses ou evidências sobre a fisiopatologia do comprometimento auditivo associado ao Zika vírus; e/ou recomendações sobre triagem e seguimento de pacientes com comprometimento auditivo pelo Zika vírus foram incluídos na pesquisa. Resultados: Um total de 27 artigos foram selecionados. Perdas auditivas neurossensorial e transitória foram relatadas em seis adultos com infecção pelo Zika vírus adquirida. Das 962 crianças estudadas, 482 apresentavam microcefalia e 145 tinham confirmação diagnóstica do Zika vírus; 515 das 624 crianças com avaliação auditiva haviam realizado apenas testes de triagem com teste de emissões otoacústicas e/ou teste de potencial evocado auditivo de tronco encefálico automático com estímulo clique. Estudos em crianças expostas no período pré-natal foram muito heterogêneos e grandes variações na frequência de emissões otoacústicas e potencial evocado auditivo de tronco encefálico automático alterados ocorreram ao longo dos estudos; alterações nas emissões otoacústicas variaram de 0% a 75%, enquanto as alterações no potencial evocado auditivo de tronco encefálico automático variaram de 0% a 29,2%. Não foi possível descartar comprometimento neurossensorial, retrococlear ou de origem central. Um estudo com camundongos infectados não encontrou dano microscópico nas células ciliadas da cóclea. Estudos sobre a patogênese das alterações auditivas em humanos estão limitados a hipóteses e recomendações ainda apresentam pontos de controvérsia. Conclusão: Os dados disponíveis ainda são insuficientes para compreender todo o espectro do envolvimento dos órgãos auditivos pelo Zika vírus, a patogênese desse envolvimento ou até mesmo para confirmar a associação causal entre o envolvimento auditivo e a infecção pelo vírus. As recomendações de triagem e seguimento ainda apresentam pontos de controvérsia.

Self-reported hearing loss and visual impairment in adults from Central Mexico / Autorreporte de pérdida auditiva y discapacidad visual en adultos del centro de México

Abstract: Objective: To determinate the prevalence of hearing loss (HL) and visual impairment (VI) among adult population from Tlaxcala, Mexico. Materials and methods: A population-based cross-sectional study comprising persons 50 years and older was conducted in 2013. Self-reported HL was measured using the Hearing Impairment Inventory for the Elderly (SHIIE) questionnaire; VI was determined using the Snellen tumbling E chart. Results: 900 women and 611 men (mean age 66.1 years) were included. 481(31.8%) individuals had HL (415 alone and 66 combined with VI). Prevalence of HL alone and together with VI was associated with age (per two years, OR=1.03 and OR=1.18, respectively) and self-reported poor health status (OR=1.90 and OR=3.69, respectively). Conclusion: The high prevalence of these disabilities calls for the implementation of public health interventions that help to reduce its impact in the population.

Resumen: Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de discapacidad auditiva (DA) y visual (DV) en adultos del estado de Tlaxcala, México. Material y métodos: Estudio transversal de base poblacional realizado en 2013 que incluye sujetos ≥50 años de edad. La DA se evaluó por autorreporte con el cuestionario Hearing Impairment Inventory for the Elderly (SHIIE); la DV se midió usando la cartilla E rotatoria de Snellen. Resultados: Se evaluaron 900 mujeres y 611 hombres (media=66.1 años). El 31.8% (481) tenía DA (415 sola y 66 con DV). La prevalencia de DA sola o con DV se asoció con edad (por cada dos años, RM=1.03 y RM=1.18, respectivamente) y con autorreporte del estado de salud deficiente (RM=1.90 y RM=3.69, respectivamente). Conclusiones: Se requiere la implementación de intervenciones en salud pública que reduzcan el impacto de estas dos condiciones en la población.

Prevalence of hearing impairment and associated factors in school-aged children and adolescents: a systematic review / Prevalência de deficiência auditiva e fatores associados em adolescentes e crianças em idade escolar: uma revisão sistemática

Abstract Introduction: Hearing impairment is one of the communication disorders of the 21st century, constituting a public health issue as it affects communication, academic success, and life quality of students. Most cases of hearing loss before 15 years of age are avoidable, and early detection can help prevent academic delays and minimize other consequences. Objective: This study researched scientific literature for the prevalence of hearing impairment in school-aged children and adolescents, with its associated factors. This was accomplished by asking the defining question: "What is the prevalence of hearing impairment and its associated factors in school-aged children and adolescents?" Methods: Research included the databases PubMed/MEDLINE, LILACS, Web of Science, Scopus and SciELO, and was carried out by two researchers, independently. The selected papers were analyzed on the basis of the checklist provided by the report Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology. Results: From the 463 papers analyzed, 26 fulfilled the criteria and were included in the review presented herein. The detection methods, as well as prevalence and associated factors, varied across studies. The prevalence reported by the studies varied between 0.88% and 46.70%. Otologic and non-otologic factors were associated with hearing impairment, such as middle ear and air passage infections, neo- and post-natal icterus, accumulation of cerumen, family history, suspicion of parents, use of earphones, age and income. Conclusion: There is heterogeneity regarding methodology, normality criteria, and prevalence and risk factors of studies about hearing loss in adolescents and school-aged children. Nevertheless, the relevance of the subject and the necessity of early interventions are unanimous across studies.

Resumo Introdução: A deficiência auditiva é um dos distúrbios de comunicação do século XXI, constitui um problema de saúde pública, pois afeta a comunicação, o sucesso acadêmico e a qualidade de vida dos estudantes. A maioria dos casos de perda auditiva antes dos 15 anos é evitável e a detecção precoce pode ajudar a evitar atrasos acadêmicos e minimizar outras consequências. Objetivo: Este estudo investigou a literatura científica sobre a prevalência da deficiência auditiva em crianças e adolescentes em idade escolar, com seus fatores associados. Isso foi feito através da questão norteadora: "Qual a prevalência da deficiência auditiva e seus fatores associados em crianças e adolescentes em idade escolar?" Método: A pesquisa compreendeu as bases de dados PubMed/MEDLINE, LILACS, Web of Science, Scopus e SciELO e foi feita de forma independente por dois pesquisadores. Os artigos selecionados foram analisados com base na lista de verificação fornecida pelo relatório Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology. Resultados: Dos 463 artigos analisados, 26 preencheram os critérios e foram incluídos na revisão aqui apresentada. Os métodos de detecção, assim como a prevalência e os fatores associados, variaram entre os estudos. A prevalência relatada pelos estudos variou entre 0,88% e 46,70%. Fatores otológicos e não otológicos foram associados à deficiência auditiva, como infecções da orelha média e das vias aéreas, icterícia neonatal e pós-natal, acúmulo de cerúmen, histórico familiar, suspeita dos pais, uso de fones de ouvido, idade e renda. Conclusão: Há heterogeneidade quanto à metodologia, aos critérios de normalidade e, consequentemente, à prevalência e aos fatores associados nos estudos sobre da perda auditiva em adolescentes e crianças em idade escolar. No entanto, a relevância do assunto e a necessidade de intervenções precoces são unânimes entre os estudos.

Outcomes of Automated Auditory Evoked Potential Performed in Different Settings and the Factors Associated with Referred Cases

Abstract Introduction For the population with risk factors for hearing loss, the first option to assess the hearing status is the performance of the automated brainstem auditory evoked potential (BAEP) test because of its efficacy in identifying retrocochlear hearing loss. Objective To verify the outcomes of automated BAEP performed in different settings as well as the factors associated with the prevalence of hearing impairment. Methods Cross-sectional study conducted from October of 2014 to May of 2015. The sample consisted of 161 infants with at least one risk factor for hearing loss who underwent automated BAEP during the hospital stay or at the outpatient clinic. After 30 days, the altered cases were referred for BAEP diagnosis. Results One hundred and thirty-eight infants (86%) had a result of "pass" and 23 (14%) of "failure" in the automated BAEP. There was no statistically significant difference in the rate of "referred" results between examinations performed in different settings. The infants' ages did not influence the number of abnormal cases. All of the 23 infants who presented a "referred" result in the automated BAEP, unilateral or bilateral, were sent for BAEP diagnosis, and out of these, 9 (39%) remained with at least some degree of alteration. The average age of diagnosis was 2.7 months. Conclusion The results of the automated BAEP were similar when performed during hospitalization or after discharge. Neither the age at the examination nor the gender of the patient influenced the prevalence of hearing loss.